{"id":456,"date":"2015-12-16T11:26:54","date_gmt":"2015-12-16T10:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/?p=456"},"modified":"2016-01-31T21:59:44","modified_gmt":"2016-01-31T20:59:44","slug":"romana-si-aromana-in-manualul-limbilor-romanice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/romana-si-aromana-in-manualul-limbilor-romanice\/","title":{"rendered":"Rom\u00e2na si arom\u00e2na \u00een Manualul limbilor romanice (Dilema veche, n\u00b0 570)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Editura De Gruyer de la Berlin publica la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 2014\u00a0Manualul limbilor romanice<\/i> \u00a0\u00eentr-o nou\u0103 colec\u0163ie care \u00ee\u015fi propune s\u0103 prezinte \u00ab\u00a0o panoram\u0103 enciclopedic\u0103, sintetic\u0103 \u015fi sistematic\u0103 totodat\u0103, a lingvisticii limbilor romanice care \u0163ine cont de ultimile rezultate ale cercet\u0103rilor \u00bb<\/p>\n

A doua parte a c\u0103r\u0163ii [1]<\/a>, descriptiv\u0103, prima fiind istoric\u0103, comporta 4 sec\u0163iuni\u00a0: \u00ab Romanitatea balcanic\u0103\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab Italoromania\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0Galloromania\u00a0\u00bb \u015fi\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Iberoromania\u00a0\u00bb. Fiecare sec\u0163iune grupeaz\u0103 la r\u00e2ndul ei articolele consacrate diferitelor limbi, spre exemplu sarda, italiana, friulana, ladina \u015fi roman\u015fa pentru \u00ab\u00a0Italoromania\u00a0\u00bb. Rom\u00e2na \u015fi arom\u00e2na sunt tratate separat \u00een prima sec\u0163iune, \u00ab\u00a0Romanitatea balcanic\u0103\u00a0\u00bb. Victoria Popovici, profesoar\u0103 la Universitatea de la Jena, semneaz\u0103 articolul consacrat limbii rom\u00e2ne, \u00een timp ce arom\u00e2na, ca \u015fi meglenorom\u00e2na \u015fi istrorom\u00e2na, sunt prezentate \u00een articolul intitulat \u00ab\u00a0Romania subdun\u0103rean\u0103\u00a0\u00bb, semnat de Wolfgang Dahmen (Universitatea de la Jena) \u015fi Johannes Kramer (Universitatea de la Trier). In Introducere, editorii precizeaz\u0103 c\u0103\u00a0: \u00ab limba na\u0163ional\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei e prezentat\u0103 dintr-un punct de vedere gramatical, \u00een timp ce idiomurile subdun\u0103rene sunt abordate \u00eentr-o perspectiv\u0103 sociolingvistic\u0103 \u00bb (p. 7). In afar\u0103 de aceast\u0103 diferen\u0163\u0103 de ordin metodologic, pozi\u0163ile expuse \u00een cele dou\u0103 articole prezint\u0103 anumite divergen\u0163e care nu sunt semnalate de editori \u015fi care merit\u0103, cred, s\u0103 fie relevate, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 acest manual constituie o referin\u0163\u0103 pentru romani\u015fti. Despre ele va fi vorba \u00een r\u00e2ndurile care urmeaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Evolu\u0163ia romanisticii privind raportul \u00eentre arom\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Daco-rom\u00e2na, care este baza dialectal\u0103 a rom\u00e2nei standard, se caracterizeaz\u0103 printr-o varia\u0163iune dialectal\u0103 destul de slab\u0103\u00a0\u00bb, scrie V. Popovici, \u00eenainte de a enumera arile sale dialectale\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0un dialect moldovean (vorbit \u00een Moldova rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, Republica Moldova, Basarabia \u015fi Bucovina ca \u015fi o parte din Transilvania, din Dobrogea \u015fi chiar \u00een Muntenia), un dialect muntean) (vorbit \u00een Muntenia, Oltenia \u015fi sudul Transilvaniei, precum \u015fi dialectele din Banat, din Cri\u015fana \u015fi din Maramure\u015f.\u00a0\u00bb (p. 290). Totu\u015fi, \u00een partea descriptiv\u0103, dialectele muntean \u015fi moldovean sunt calificate drept \u00ab\u00a0vorbiri\u00a0\u00bb [parlers<\/i>] iar \u00a0exemplele citate provin din dialectul meglenorom\u00e2n, istrorom\u00e2n \u015fi dintr- \u00ab\u00a0o parte a dialectelor arom\u00e2ne\u00a0\u00bb. (p. 291). Cititorul mai pu\u0163in familiarizat cu \u015fcoala lingvistic\u0103 rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 risc\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 anumite nedumeri privind structura dialectal\u0103 a limbii rom\u00e2ne. Aceste nedumeriri nu sunt dec\u00e2t par\u0163ial \u00eendep\u0103rtate de explica\u0163ia data de V. Popovici la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul contribu\u0163iei sale\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Pentru majoritatea lingvi\u015ftilor rom\u00e2ni, qui s\u2019inscrivent dans la tradition de Sextil Pu\u015fcariu (1937), limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 ar fi constituit\u0103 din patru dialecte majore\u00a0: daco-rom\u00e2na, care este sursa rom\u00e2nei standard, precum \u015fi arom\u00e2na, meglenorom\u00e2na \u015fi istrorom\u00e2na vorbite \u00een anumite regiuni din Peninsula Balcanic\u0103. Diferen\u0163ierea ar fi avut loc dup\u0103 perioada a\u015fa numit\u0103 \u00ab\u00a0protorom\u00e2n\u0103\u00a0\u00bb sau \u00ab\u00a0rom\u00e2n\u0103 comun\u0103, primitiv\u0103\u00a0\u00bb (de la secolul V sau VI la secolul X). Ipoteza opus\u0103 renun\u0163\u0103 la postulatul unei faze protorom\u00e2ne \u015fi admite un continuum al romanit\u0103\u0163ii balcanice din care ar fi ie\u015fit ca limbi romanice distincte daco-rom\u00e2na, arom\u00e2na, meglenorom\u00e2na \u015fi istrorom\u00e2na. Aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103, sus\u0163inut\u0103 \u00een mod izolat \u00een Rom\u00e2nia (Sala 2001, 176), a fost primit\u0103 \u00een mod favorabil \u00een afara Rom\u00e2niei din motive legate mai ales de politic\u0103 lingvistic\u0103 \u2013 necesitatea promov\u0103rii arom\u00e2nei ca limb\u0103 minoritar\u0103\u00a0\u00bb (p. 309-310).<\/p>\n

V. Popovici expune cele dou\u0103 ipoteze f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 se pronun\u0163e \u00eentr-un sens sau altul. Totu\u015fi, dac\u0103 arom\u00e2na, meglenorom\u00e2na \u015fi istrorom\u00e2na sunt dialecte ca \u015fi daco-rom\u00e2na ele ar trebui s\u0103 fie descrise \u00een articolul consacrat rom\u00e2nei. Ele sunt \u00eens\u0103 abordate \u00eentr-un articol aparte, semnat de doi lingvi\u015fti germani care, \u00een anii 1980, au \u00eentocmit mai multe atlase lingvistice ale romanit\u0103\u0163ii balcanice. Ei prezint\u0103 situa\u0163ia astfel\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Dezbaterile despre idiomurile romanice vorbite \u00een sudul Dun\u0103rii, considerate de unii drept limbi independente, de al\u0163ii drept dialecte ale rom\u00e2nei, s-au intensificat dup\u0103 1990. Tradi\u0163ional, rom\u00e2na e \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163it\u0103 \u00een patru dialecte, ceea ce duce la anumite absurdit\u0103\u0163i\u00a0: dac\u0103 conserv\u0103m aceast\u0103 logic\u0103, ar trebui s\u0103 consider\u0103m c\u0103 ceea ce numim daco-rom\u00e2n\u0103, adic\u0103 limba na\u0163ional\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi Republicii Moldova, este un dialect, ori ea este vorbit\u0103 de aproximativ 25 de milioane de locutori. Ea s-ar g\u0103si, astfel, pe acela\u015fi plan cu istrorom\u00e2na care nu are dec\u00e2t 500 de locutori. Idea ca avem de a face cu limbi romanice autonome c\u00e2\u015ftig\u0103 ast\u0103zi teren.\u00a0\u00bb (P. 313.)<\/p>\n

In comunicarea lor, accentul e pus pe evolu\u0163ia situa\u0163iei \u00een ul\u0163imii dou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de ani\u00a0: istrorom\u00e2na a continuat s\u0103 piard\u0103 teren, \u00een ciuda m\u0103surilor adoptate de statul croat \u015fi interesului manifestat de Italia, situa\u0163ia meglenorom\u00e2nei, vorbit\u0103 \u00een localit\u0103\u0163i care se g\u0103sesc pe cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u0163i ale frontierei care desparte Grecia de Republica Macedonia, este \u015fi ea \u00eentr-o situa\u0163ie tot mai precar\u0103, \u00a0\u00een timp ce arom\u00e2na a cunoscut o evolu\u0163ie pozitiv\u0103 sub diferite forme care variaz\u0103 de la \u0163ar\u0103 la \u0163ar\u0103,\u00a0 at\u00e2t \u00een Republica Macedonia c\u00e2t \u015fi \u00een Albania sau \u00een Grecia. \u00ab\u00a0Se poate constata o cre\u015ftere \u00a0remarcabil\u0103 a sentimentului pe care \u00eel nutresc arom\u00e2nii fa\u0163\u0103 de propria lor valoare. In timp ce alt\u0103 dat\u0103 ei nu manifestau m\u00e2ndrie lingvistic\u0103 \u015fi cultural\u0103, ast\u0103zi mul\u0163i dintre locutorii arom\u00e2nei folosesc idiomul lor f\u0103r\u0103 reticen\u0163e.\u00bb (P. 314).<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0In Rom\u00e2nia, unde o minoritate arom\u00e2n\u0103 provenind din Balcanii meridionali s-a stabilit \u00een anii 1920-1930, se poate observa o situa\u0163ie comparabil\u0103. Si aici se poate constata o cre\u015ftere notabil\u0103 a num\u0103rului asocia\u0163ilor culturale, a concertelor, a c\u0103r\u0163ilor \u015fi revistelor publicate. In regiunea Constan\u0163a, exist\u0103 o bibliotec\u0103 arom\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi se poate urma un curs de limb\u0103 arom\u00e2n\u0103 (Kahl 1999, 87). Totu\u015fi arom\u00e2na nu e recunoscut\u0103 de autorit\u0103\u0163ile oficiale \u00een Carta european\u0103 a limbilor regionale sau minoritare. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, arom\u00e2na e considerat\u0103 ca un dialect al rom\u00e2nei deci nu ca o limb\u0103 de protejat.\u00a0\u00bb (Dahmen 2012, 239s) (P. 315-316).<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Prima patrie\u00a0\u00bb a rom\u00e2nilor, la sud de Dun\u0103re\u00a0?<\/b><\/p>\n

In partea istoric\u0103 a Manualului<\/i>, Johannes Kramer semneaz\u0103 o contribu\u0163ie mai degrab\u0103 derutant\u0103 \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care el adopt\u0103 o pozi\u0163ie tran\u015fant\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu o problem\u0103 care a dat deja loc la multe discu\u0163ii contradictorii, datorit\u0103 mai ales insuficien\u0163ei documentelor disponibile. Este vorba despre localizarea teritorilor din care provin locutorii limbii rom\u00e2ne, precum \u015fi al celorlalte idiomuri romanice sub-dun\u0103rene.<\/p>\n

Iat\u0103, \u00een linii mari, demonstra\u0163ia propus\u0103 de acest autor \u00een sec\u0163iunea \u00ab\u00a0Romania submersa \u00een Insulele Britanice, \u00een Sud-Estul Europei \u015fi \u00een Africa\u00a0\u00bb a Manualului [2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cucerit\u0103 \u00een 107 de Traian, Dacia a cunoscut o perioad\u0103 de romanizare intens\u0103 datorit\u0103 pozi\u0163iei ei strategice, comer\u0163ului, exploat\u0103rii aurului, argintului, plumbului, sosirii unei importante popula\u0163ii latinofone din celelalte provincii ale imperiului, etc. Abandonarea \u00een 271 de c\u0103tre Aurelian a provinciei Dacia (care corespundea Transilvaniei, Olteniei \u015fi Banatului, restul teritoriului actual al Rom\u00e2niei fiind ocupat de dacii liberi) a provocat transferul popula\u0163iei urbane, romanizate, spre sudul Dun\u0103rii, \u00een Moesia, \u00een regiuni care la r\u00e2ndul lor erau deja\u00a0 romanizate \u015fi care vor fi cunoscute sub numele Dacia Ripensis \u015fi Dacia Mediteranea. Popula\u0163ia r\u0103mas\u0103 \u00een nordul Dun\u0103ri a abandonat progresiv latina \u00een favoarea limbii dacilor liberi.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0In rezumat, se poate spune c\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul antichit\u0103\u0163ii, s\u0103 zicem \u00een secolul al VI-lea, ora\u015fele \u015fi \u00eemprejurimile rurale ale ora\u015felor \u00a0din provinciile vechiei Moesia erau profund romanizate. (\u2026) In schimb, <\/b>latinitate vie nu mai exista \u00een afara frontierelor Imperiului roman de R\u0103s\u0103rit de pe Dun\u0103re.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Ca urmare a invazilor slave din secolele VI \u015fi VII \u00ab\u00a0popula\u0163ia urban\u0103 s-a ruralizat \u015fi s-a refugiat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cei de la sate \u00een regiunile muntoase \u015fi de mla\u015ftin\u0103 mai pu\u0163in atractive pentru slavi.\u00a0 Str\u0103mo\u015fii Rom\u00e2nilor trebuie c\u0103uta\u0163i\u00a0 printre popula\u0163ia romanizat\u0103 la sud de Dun\u0103re, care a evitat pe cuceritorii slavi refugiindu-se \u00een teritorii \u00eendep\u0103rtate at\u00e2t spre nord c\u00e2t \u015fi spre sud. O parte dintre ace\u015fti refugia\u0163i a supravie\u0163uit prin arom\u00e2nii \u015fi meglenorom\u00e2nii din R. Macedonia, Grecia \u015fi Albania, cealalt\u0103 parte s-a stabilit pe teritoriul actual ale Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi Republicii Moldova. La \u00eenceput, ace\u015fti romanici [Romans<\/i>] balcanici se \u00eendeletniceau cu cre\u015fterea micilor turme de vite practic\u00e2nd semi-nomadismul sezonier \u015fi tranzuman\u0163a. Diferitele bran\u015fe ale acestei popula\u0163ii se amestecau continu \u00een a\u015fa fel \u00eenc\u00e2t dialectele rom\u00e2nei nu sunt prea diferen\u0163iate cum e cazul \u00een Fran\u0163a sau Italia.\u00a0\u00bb (P. 255).<\/p>\n

Concluzia ra\u0163ionamentului acestui autor, care nu este istoric ci lingvist, e\u00a0 urm\u0103toarea\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul antichit\u0103\u0163ii, patria popula\u0163iei romanizat\u0103 din Balcani era situat\u0103 \u00eentre Dun\u0103re \u015fi crestele mun\u0163ilor Balcani, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een vijelia invaziei slave, popula\u0163ia romanizat\u0103 s-a transformat \u00eentr-o popula\u0163ie de p\u0103stori versatil\u0103 care s-a stabilt \u00een noi zone situate mai ales \u00een nordul Dun\u0103rii \u00een cursul Evului Mediu. \u00bb (P. 256).<\/p>\n

Scenariul istoric propus de J. Kramer pentru a argumenta teza sa privind formarea limbii rom\u00e2ne, pe de o parte, arom\u00e2ne \u015fi meglenorom\u00e2ne, pe de alt\u0103 parte, pe un alt teritoriu dec\u00e2t acelea unde sunt vorbite azi, corespunde desigur unei convingeri dob\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een urma unei reflec\u0163ii \u00eendelungate \u015fi a multor anchete la fa\u0163a locului. Intrebarea la care lingvistul german \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103, a\u015fa cum mul\u0163i al\u0163ii au f\u0103cut-o cu mai mult\u0103 sau mai pu\u0163in\u0103 ingeniozitate \u00een trecut, este spinoas\u0103\u00a0: Cum se poate explica afirmarea relativ tardiv\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 viguroas\u0103, \u00een cursul celui de-al doilea mileniu, a romanit\u0103\u0163ii la nord de Dun\u0103re, \u00een bazinul carpatic, \u015fi men\u0163inerea zonelor romanofone \u00een masivul Pind \u015fi \u00eemprejurimi, la r\u0103scrucea lumilor grecofone, albanofone \u015fi slavofone\u00a0? Desigur, teza lui J. Kremer – atunci c\u00e2nd sus\u0163ine c\u0103 \u00ab\u00a0patria rom\u00e2nilor\u00a0\u00bb nu putea fi \u00ab\u00a0Rom\u00e2nia-Dacia\u00a0\u00bb (p. 255) – este exterioar\u0103 dezbaterilor \u00eentre na\u0163ionali\u015ftii rom\u00e2ni \u015fi unguri pe tema autohtoniei unora \u015fi migra\u0163iei celorlal\u0163i. Ea nu poate \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 o anumit\u0103 inciden\u0163\u0103, ceea ce e regretabil, chiar dac\u0103 aceste dezbateri s-au mai aplanat \u00een acest \u00eenceput de secol XXI.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

NOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Manuel des langues romanes<\/i> \/ Andre Klump, Johannes Kramer, Aline Willems, Eds. \u2013 Berlin\/Boston : De Gruyter, 2014. -, X-755 p. – (Manuals of Romance linguistics\u00a0; 1), p. V.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Johannes Kramer reia de fapt \u00een acest text o contribu\u0163ie mai veche publicat\u0103 \u00een 1999-2000\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Sprachwissenschaft und Politik. Die Theorie der Kontinuit\u00e4t des Rum\u00e4nischen und der balkanische Ethno-Nationalismus im 20. Jh\u00a0\u00bb, in Balkan-Archiv<\/i> n\u00b0 24\/25.<\/p>\n

REFERINTE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pu\u015fcariu, Sextil, \u00ab\u00a0Essai de reconstitution du roumain primitif\u00a0\u00bb, in\u00a0Etudes de linguistique roumaine<\/i>, Bucure\u015fti, 1937, p. 64-120.<\/p>\n

Sala, Marius (ed),\u00a0Enciclopedia limbii rom\u00e2ne<\/i>, Bucuresti, 2001, p. 176.<\/p>\n

Kahl, Thede,\u00a0Ethnizit\u00e4t<\/i>\u00a0und\u00a0<\/i>r\u00e4umliche<\/i>\u00a0Verteilung der Aromunen in S\u00fcdosteuropa<\/i>. M\u00fcnster, 1999, p. 87.<\/p>\n

Dahmen, Wolfgang, \u201cRum\u00e4nien\u201d, in Franz Lebsanft, Monika Wingender (edd.),\u00a0Europ\u00e4ische Charta der Regional \u2013 oder Mindernheitensprachen<\/i>, Berlin\/Boston, 2012, p. 239.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Editura De Gruyer de la Berlin publica la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anului 2014\u00a0Manualul limbilor romanice \u00a0\u00eentr-o nou\u0103 colec\u0163ie care \u00ee\u015fi propune s\u0103 prezinte \u00ab\u00a0o panoram\u0103 enciclopedic\u0103, sintetic\u0103 \u015fi sistematic\u0103 totodat\u0103, a lingvisticii limbilor romanice care \u0163ine cont de ultimile rezultate ale cercet\u0103rilor \u00bb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-isturii"],"yoast_head":"\nRom\u00e2na si arom\u00e2na \u00een Manualul limbilor romanice (Dilema veche, n\u00b0 570) - TRA ARMANAMI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/romana-si-aromana-in-manualul-limbilor-romanice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rom\u00e2na si arom\u00e2na \u00een Manualul limbilor romanice (Dilema veche, n\u00b0 570) - 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