{"id":3917,"date":"2023-02-11T15:43:03","date_gmt":"2023-02-11T14:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/?p=3917"},"modified":"2023-02-22T10:45:35","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T09:45:35","slug":"j-r-trochet-despre-romanoi-romaioi-si-valahi-n-trifon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/j-r-trochet-despre-romanoi-romaioi-si-valahi-n-trifon\/","title":{"rendered":"J.-R. Trochet despre\u00a0romanoi,\u00a0roma\u00efoi\u00a0\u015fi valahi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Cu De l\u2019Empire \u00e0 la tribu, <\/em>Jean-Ren\u00e9 Trochet inaugura \u00een 2016 o serie de cercet\u0103ri erudite despre supravie\u0163uitorii ordinii romane \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 situat\u0103 \u00een Albania de nord \u015fi Dalma\u0163ia meridional\u0103, zon\u0103 pe care o extinde la peninsula balcanic\u0103 \u015fi dincolo de ea \u00een Les Romains apr\u00e8s Rome,<\/em> carte ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een septembrie 2022.La originea acestui interes pare a fi un articol din magazinul Courrier international<\/em> despre persisten\u0163a \u00een regiunile muntoase \u00eenc\u0103 tribale din nordul Albaniei a r\u0103zbun\u0103rii familiale ai c\u0103ror protagoni\u015fti erau mai ales catolici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRead more: J.-R. Trochet despre\u00a0romanoi,\u00a0roma\u00efoi\u00a0\u015fi valahi<\/span><\/a>\n\n\n

Cu at\u00e2t mai intrigat cu c\u00e2t \u00een Europa catolic\u0103 ultimele cazuri de acest tip au fost atestate \u00een secolul VIII \u00een Irlanda, J.-R. Trochet \u00eentreprinde o analiz\u0103 foarte fin\u0103 asupra tot ceea ce putea releva de romanitate dup\u0103 invazile avaro-slave concentr\u00e2ndu-se pe ansamblul urban care s-a men\u0163inut c\u00e2t de c\u00e2t \u00een jurul lacului Skodra \u00eentre secolele VI-VII \u015fi sf\u00e2r\u015fitul Evului Mediu. Pe jum\u0103tate \u00ab de coast\u0103 \u00bb, pe jum\u0103tate \u00ab din interior \u00bb, deci \u00eentr-o rela\u0163ie constant\u0103 cu societ\u0103\u0163ile agro-pastorale din mun\u0163i, aceast\u0103 romanitate urban\u0103 se diferen\u0163iaz\u0103 at\u00e2t de romanitatea dalmat\u0103, exclusiv \u00ab de coast\u0103 \u00bb, c\u00e2t \u015fi de comunele albano-epirote de la sud de Durazzo (Durr\u00ebs). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un interes deosebit est acordat semi-nomadismului pastoral itinerant \u00een s\u00e2nul comunelor  albano-epirote. Fiind vorba de un \u00ab gen de via\u0163\u0103 \u00bb (genre de vie) care s-a men\u0163inut p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XX-lea la valahi, aceasta permite s\u0103 \u00eentrez\u0103re\u015fti prin analogie anumite leg\u0103turi care au putut s\u0103 se \u0163eas\u0103 \u00eentre ora\u015fele care au conservat o popula\u0163ie roman\u0103 \u00een Albania de nord \u015fi popula\u0163ia de pe mun\u0163ii din \u00eemprejurimi chiar dac\u0103 aceasta din urm\u0103 nu practica semi-nomadismul valah ci un soi de transhuman\u0163\u0103 \u00eentr-un perimetru limitat care o punea \u00een leg\u0103tura cu cei de la \u015fes. Dar cealalt\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 a valahilor este p\u0103strarea unei limbi derivat\u0103 din latina popular\u0103. Ce loc puteau ei ocupa \u00een romanitatea care a supravie\u0163uit c\u0103derii Romei \u015fi dezordinelor care au urmat ? Cititorii care au putut fi frustra\u0163i de absen\u0163a unui r\u0103spuns satisf\u0103c\u0103tor la aceast\u0103 \u00eentrebare pot s\u0103 se considere cople\u015fi\u0163i la lectura noii c\u0103r\u0163i semnat\u0103 de J.-R. Trochet care este tot a\u015fa de dens\u0103 dar mai abordabil\u0103 dec\u00e2t precedenta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romanoi<\/em>, roma\u00efoi<\/em> \u015fi valahii<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Printre \u00ab romanii de dup\u0103 Roma \u00bb a\u015fa cum reiese din urmele pe care le-au l\u0103sat, J.-R. Trochet distinge mai multe categorii tratate separat \u00eenainte de a fi confruntate \u00eentre ele. Pe de o parte, sunt aceia pe care \u00eei g\u0103sim \u00een Occident, la originea feudalit\u0103\u0163ilor fondate pe baza dreptului roman, \u015fi Romanoi,<\/em> zi\u015fi \u015fi latinii de pe coasta dalmat\u0103 a c\u0103ror limb\u0103 romanic\u0103 va ceda locul vene\u0163ienei \u015fi mai apoi croatei. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, \u00eei avem \u00een Balcani pe Roma\u00efoi<\/em>, care vor prelua institu\u0163iile romane \u00een cadrul Imperiului bizantin, \u015fi pe valahi. Romanitatea bizantin\u0103 va dob\u00e2ndi mai t\u00e2rziu un caracter oarecum paradoxal av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 reprezentan\u0163ii ei sunt elenofoni, limba lor administrativ\u0103, de biseric\u0103, de cultur\u0103 este greaca, ceea ce nu are cum pune la \u00eendoial\u0103 legitimitatea lor ca mo\u015ftenitori ai Imperiului roman, precizeaz\u0103 autorul. C\u00e2t despre valahi, dac\u0103 \u015fi ei fac parte dintre \u00ab romanii de dup\u0103 Roma \u00bb, destinul lor pare s\u0103 corespund\u0103 mult timp aceluia sugerat \u00een titlul c\u0103r\u0163ii precedente : De l\u2019Empire \u00e0 la tribu<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pornind de la sursele existente despre valahi, mai ales bizantine, care sunt rare, \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftiate, \u015fi se preteaz\u0103 unor interpret\u0103ri diverse, cum o constata cu regret bizantinologul Petre N\u0103sturel[1]<\/sup><\/a>, J.-R. Trochet propune o ampl\u0103 reconstituire a odiseiei lor. Expunerea lui este novatoare \u015fi pasionant\u0103 pentru c\u0103 el recurge, fiind vorba at\u00e2t de vlahi c\u00e2t \u015fi de popula\u0163iile cu care ei sunt \u00een contact, la categoriile de geografie istoric\u0103, domeniu \u00een care el exceleaz\u0103. No\u0163iuni precum \u00ab gen de via\u0163\u0103 \u00bb, \u00ab comunitate sau societate local\u0103 \u00bb dar \u015fi \u00ab ni\u015fe ecologice \u00bb sau \u00ab \u0163ar\u0103 \u00bb, \u00ab \u0163inut \u00bb (contr\u00e9e<\/em>) favorizeaz\u0103 imersiunea cititorului atent \u00een deplas\u0103rile eratice ale valahilor, \u00een rela\u0163ia lor privilegiat\u0103 cu muntele, \u00een ne\u00eencrederea pe care o puteau manifesta fa\u0163\u0103 de structurile politice \u015fi religioase, sau \u00een \u00ab vl\u0103hiile \u00bb lor mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in efemere care au precedat Valahia cu majuscul\u0103, \u0162ara rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, <\/em>care se va afirma mai t\u00e2rziu la nord de Dun\u0103re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Valahii \u00bb sunt defini\u0163i drept \u00ab un anasamblu de popula\u0163ii romanofones care au tr\u0103it \u015fi tr\u0103iesc \u00een continuare \u00een Europa oriental\u0103 \u015fi care provin din descompunerea Imperiului de R\u0103s\u0103rit \u00een Balcani \u00eentre secolele V \u015fi VII \u00bb (p. 9). \u00cen prezentarea de pe coperta 4 ei sunt prezenta\u0163i ca \u00ab Rumani<\/em> \u015fi Arumani <\/em>latinofoni din Balcani numi\u0163i cel mai des valahi \u00bb. Aceaste forme pe care le-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit aici pentru prima dat\u0103, par construite pornind de endonimele Rr\u00e2m\u00e2nji <\/em>\u015fi Arm\u00e2nji<\/em>. Sau poate Rumani <\/em>se refer\u0103 la rom\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valahii \u015fi\/sau p\u0103storii romanilor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existen\u0163a popula\u0163iilor romanofone din Panonia la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al IX-lea este semnalat\u0103 \u00een Gesta hungarorum<\/em> redactat\u0103 trei secole mai t\u00e2rziu de un autor anonim de pe vremea lui Bela III care poveste\u015fte epopeea dinanstiei fondatoare a monarhiei maghiare. Veracitatea anumitor informa\u0163ii vehiculate \u00een acest text sunt puse la \u00eendoial\u0103, inten\u0163ia autorului fiind eviden\u0163ierea faptelor eroice ale str\u0103mo\u015fului suveranului. La sosirea ungurilor, acest teritoriu este prezentat ca fiind \u00ab quam terram habitarent sclavi bulgari et blachii ac pastores romanorum<\/em> \u00bb (o \u0163ar\u0103 locuit\u0103 de slavi, bulgari, valahi \u015fi\/sau p\u0103stori ai romanilor). Interpret\u0103rile se deosebesc \u00een func\u0163ie de valoarea copulativ\u0103 (\u00ab \u015fi \u00bb) sau explicativ\u0103 (\u00ab adic\u0103 \u00bb) a latinescului \u00ab ac \u00bb. Dup\u0103 ce trece \u00een revist\u0103 cele mai semnificative dintre ele \u015fi subliniaz\u0103 punctele lor slabe, J.-R. Truchet avanseaz\u0103 propria lui interpretare. Nu trebuie s\u0103 ne limit\u0103m la acest pasaj, scrie el, ci s\u0103 mergem mai departe \u00een text, mai ales acolo unde este vorba de \u015feful valah prezentat ca dux blahorum<\/em>, \u015fi despre romani principes<\/em> c\u0103rora le apar\u0163ineau turmele p\u0103storilor romanilor. \u00ab Romani principes <\/em>nu puteau fi altceva dec\u00e2t prin\u0163ii rom\u00e2ni, autorul anonim folosind deopotriv\u0103 etnonimul (valahi) \u015fi endonimul (romani) pentru a numi aceast\u0103 popula\u0163ie \u015fi reprezentan\u0163ii ei \u00bb, scrie J.-R. Truchet, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd : \u00ab Gesta hungarorum<\/em> ar fi deci primul text care s\u0103 fac\u0103 o aluzie direct\u0103 la rom\u00e2ni \u015fi valahi \u00een istorie, prezent\u00e2ndu-i ca pe reprezentan\u0163i ai aceluia\u015fi popor \u00bb (pp. 92-93).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De la \u00ab romani \u00bb \u015fi \u00ab valahi \u00bb la \u00ab rom\u00e2ni \u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viitorul se va pronun\u0163a asupra soartei acestei interpret\u0103ri, seduc\u0103toare \u00een anumite privin\u0163e. \u00cen ceea ce m\u0103 prive\u015fte, m\u0103 voi mul\u0163umi s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u015fesc anumite dubii asupra trecerii at\u00e2t de rapid\u0103 de la \u00ab romani \u00bb \u015fi \u00ab valahi \u00bb la \u00ab rom\u00e2ni \u00bb \u015fi mai ales asupra folosirii no\u0163iunii de \u00ab acela\u015fi popor \u00bb. \u00centinderea spa\u0163iului \u00een care valahii sunt atesta\u0163i este considerabil\u0103, iar \u00eempr\u0103\u015ftierea lor nu mai pu\u0163in de considerabil\u0103. A vorbi de un \u00ab tot \u00bb acolo unde este vorba de fragmente dispersate care se preteaz\u0103 la deduc\u0163ii ingenioase dar cu rezultate uneori aleatorii, a devansa intrarea \u00een Istorie a rom\u00e2nilor prin demonstra\u0163ii savante dar bazate pe dovezi insuficiente nu este totdeauna un exerci\u0163iu inocent, f\u0103r\u0103 impact politic. Desigur, nu acesta este scopul lui J.-R. Trochet \u00een proiec\u0163ile sale pornind de la genul de via\u0163\u0103 al comunit\u0103\u0163ilor sau societ\u0103\u0163ilor locale. Aceast\u0103 carte, precizeaz\u0103 el de la bun \u00eenceput, \u00ab nu este consacrat\u0103 dezvolt\u0103rilor principatelor rom\u00e2ne la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul Evului mediu iar luarea  \u00een considerare a limbilor derivate din latin\u0103 \u00een Europa oriental\u0103 nu intr\u0103 \u00een cadrul ei \u00bb (p. 10). Avem \u00eens\u0103 aici de a face cu o tendin\u0163\u0103 constant\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, inclusiv printre istorici de nivel \u00eenalt care consider\u0103 c\u0103 este datoria lor s\u0103 participe la edificarea istoriei na\u0163ionale a \u0163\u0103rii lor recurg\u00e2nd la racursuri tenden\u0163ioase[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esen\u0163ializarea romanilor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Romanii despre care vorbim mai jos nu sunt romanii mai mult sau mai pu\u0163in metaforiza\u0163i de g\u00e2ndirea politic\u0103 european\u0103. Vorbim despre romanii reali \u00bb, ne avertizeaz\u0103 autorul \u00een introducere (p. 5), reamindind mai \u00eencolo c\u0103 \u201cprocesul de metaforizare \u015fi esen\u0163ializare a romanilor se va dezvolta \u00een filozofia politic\u0103 occidental\u0103 pornind de la Rena\u015ftere \u00bb (p. 55). \u00cen acela\u015fi fel, am putea spune, referin\u0163a perfect justificat\u0103 a priori la Roma, la romani, la latinitatea sau la romanitatea rom\u00e2nilor a f\u0103cut obiectul unui proces intens de esen\u0163ializare pornind de la formarea statului lor modern. \u015ei, ca atare, aceast\u0103 referin\u0163\u0103 constituie p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre unul dintre fundamentele g\u00e2ndirii politice rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Dar acesta este un alt subiect care merit\u0103 tratat aparte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nicolas Trifon, ianuarie 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biblio<\/strong> : De l\u2019Empire \u00e0 la tribu : Etat, villes, montagnes en Albanie du Nord (VIe-XVe si\u00e8cle<\/em>), 325 p. a ap\u0103rut la editura PUBS, \u00een 2016, Les Romains apr\u00e8s Rome : soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, territoires, identit\u00e9s (Ve-XVe si\u00e8cle)<\/em>, 223 p., a ap\u0103rut la Armand Colin \u00een 2022. Jean-Ren\u00e9 Tronchet este profesor emerit la Universit\u00e9 Paris -Sorbonne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u00ab Les Valaques de l\u2019espace byzantin et bulgare jusqu’\u00e0 la conqu\u00eate ottomane \u00bb, \u00een Cahier du Centre d\u2019\u00e9tude des civilisations de l\u2019Europe centrale et du Sud-Est<\/em>, n\u00b0 8, pr\u00e9sentation Georges Castellan, pp. 47-81, Paris, 1990. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Putem cita \u00een acest sens studiul lui Stelian Brezeanu despre \u00ab ora\u015fele p\u0103r\u0103site \u00bb de pe malul drept al Nistrului pe care se bazeaz\u0103 \u015fi J.-R. Trochet \u00een demonstra\u0163ia sa (pp. 93-94). Construite de romani ca avanposturi \u00een secolul al doilea, aceste ora\u015fe au fost probabil distruse de proto-bulgari \u00een jur de 680. Constantin Porfigeretul semnaleaz\u0103 existen\u0163a unor ruine \u015fi urme de cruci pe aceste locuri la mijlocul secolului al X-lea. Analiza detaliat\u0103 a situa\u0163iei complexe care a urmat, centrat\u0103 mai mult pe pecenegi \u015fi pe cumani dec\u00e2t pe rom\u00e2ni, \u00eel duce pe istoricul rom\u00e2n la o concluzie f\u0103r\u0103 apel : \u00ab Toponimia din Moldova meridional\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul veacului al X-lea dovede\u015fte, f\u0103r\u0103 putin\u0163\u0103 de t\u0103gada, existen\u0163a unei \u00eentinse “p\u00e2nze de popula\u0163ie rom\u00e2neasc\u0103” ori a unui nucleu de conservare \u015fi mai t\u00e2rziu de expansiune demografic\u0103 a elementului rom\u00e2nesc. Ori, poate mai exact, o “tara rom\u00e2neasc\u0103” de roc\u0103 arhaic\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe comunitatea de drept ce se reg\u0103se\u015fte mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een formulele “legea \u0163\u0103rii”, “legea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103” ori jus valachicum<\/em>, ca \u00een multe alte “\u0163\u0103ri rom\u00e2nesti”. Existen\u0163a ei se sprijin\u0103 pe surse istorice, lingvistice \u015fi arheologice, si tot ele fac lumin\u0103 asupra destinelor acestei comunit\u0103\u0163i romanice dup\u0103 evenimentele violente de la mijlocul secolului al XIl-ea : dislocarea ei de noua furtun\u0103 dezl\u0103n\u0163uit\u0103 de neamurile turanice \u00een regiune \u015fi replierea populatiei rom\u00e2nesti spre zonele colinare din nord, unde avea sa g\u0103seasc\u0103 mai mult\u0103 securitate, \u00eenainte de a-\u015fi elabora structuri proprii de stat \u00een cadrul voievodatului Moldovei \u00bb. (\u00ab Toponimy and ethnic realities at the lower Danube in the 10th century : the \u00ab deserted cities in the Constantin Porphyrogenitus De administrando imperio<\/em> \u00bb, Annuario<\/em>. Istituto romeno di cultura e ricerca umanistica, 4, 2002, pp. 19-46.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cu De l\u2019Empire \u00e0 la tribu, Jean-Ren\u00e9 Trochet inaugura \u00een 2016 o serie de cercet\u0103ri erudite despre supravie\u0163uitorii ordinii romane \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 situat\u0103 \u00een Albania de nord \u015fi Dalma\u0163ia meridional\u0103, zon\u0103 pe care o extinde la peninsula balcanic\u0103 \u015fi dincolo de ea \u00een Les Romains apr\u00e8s Rome, carte ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een septembrie 2022.La originea acestui interes pare a fi un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-habari-news"],"yoast_head":"\nJ.-R. 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