{"id":2788,"date":"2020-07-13T15:06:29","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T14:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/?p=2788"},"modified":"2020-07-14T15:36:49","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T14:36:49","slug":"scoala-primara-trebuia-sa-fie-una-aromaneasca-sustin-inca-unii-poate-cu-drept-cuvant-s-tovaru-1934","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/scoala-primara-trebuia-sa-fie-una-aromaneasca-sustin-inca-unii-poate-cu-drept-cuvant-s-tovaru-1934\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab \u015ecoala primar\u0103 trebuia s\u0103 fie una \u2018\u2019arom\u00e2neasc\u0103\u2019\u2019, sus\u0163in \u00eenc\u0103 unii, poate cu drept cuv\u00e2nt \u00bb (S. \u0162ovaru, 1934)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Bucure\u015fti, 1934, Tipografia \u00ab Cultura \u00bb, str. C\u00e2mpineanu, 15, 117 p.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00cencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103-mi fac o idee mai precis\u0103 despre Dr. S. \u0162ovaru, de acum \u00eenainte Simeon \u0162ovaru pentru mine, el \u00eemi apare ca un fel de honn\u00eate homme<\/em>, \u00een limitele desigur ale contextului balcanic si mai ales rom\u00e2nesc \u00een care el a evoluat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Medic reputat, el nu are neap\u0103rat profilul domeniilor \u00een care intervine \u00een contribu\u0163iile sale despre arom\u00e2ni si nu \u00eencearc\u0103 nicidecum s\u0103 se substituie istoricilor, speciali\u015ftilor \u00een literatur\u0103, linvistic\u0103, etnografie, pedagogie sau administra\u0163ie. El intervine, analizeaz\u0103, judec\u0103 ca o persoan\u0103 cultivat\u0103 care se simte responsabil\u0103 de comunitatea din care provine \u015fi solidar\u0103 cu destinul ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor a mai multor contribu\u0163ii pe diverse teme, printre care una consacrat\u0103 confra\u0163ilor arom\u00e2ni  \u00ab \u00een trecutul \u0163\u0103rior rom\u00e2ne \u00bb (1925), el public\u0103 \u00een 1934 cartea Problema \u015fcoalei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti din Balcani <\/em>(Bucure\u015fti, Tipografia \u00ab Cultura \u00bb, str. C\u00e2mpineanu, 15, 117 p.). Pozi\u0163ia lui afi\u015fat\u0103 \u00een \u00ab chestiunea macedoneasc\u0103 \u00bb e cam acea\u015fi ca acea a intelectualilor \u015fi notabililor arom\u00e2ni instala\u0163i definitiv \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Arom\u00e2nii sunt sistematic, uneori chiar ostentativ, numi\u0163i rom\u00e2ni din Sud sau balcanici, macedo-rom\u00e2ni eventual, rolul statului rom\u00e2n fiind prezentat ca determinant \u00een istoria lor recent\u0103, adic\u0103 \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu ultima treime a secolului al XIX-lea. Omagiul adus cu insisten\u0163\u0103 Rom\u00e2niei este desigur moderat de o not\u0103 de repro\u015f \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu sc\u0103derea interesului acestei \u0163\u0103ri pentru \u00ab proteja\u0163ii \u00bb ei din Balcani pe care o constata \u00een vremea aceea. Dincolo \u00eens\u0103 de legitimismul acesta ferm, cititorul atent descoper\u0103 aspecte care se \u00eenscriu \u00eentr-o critic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 apel a rolului jucat de statul rom\u00e2n \u015fi de cei care l-au urmat privind arom\u00e2nii din Balcani. Chiar dac\u0103 ele nu conduc niciodat\u0103 la o critic\u0103 frontal\u0103 asumat\u0103, argumentele avansate \u015fi demonstra\u0163iile propuse pledeaz\u0103 deseori \u00een acest sens. \u00cent\u00e2lnim punctual acela\u015fi fenomen la mul\u0163i autori rom\u00e2ni de origine arom\u00e2n\u0103, la un Theodor Capidan spre exemplu \u015fi mai ales la un Take Papahagi. La S. \u0162ovaru el este mai sistematic, pe alocuri mai explicit, iar miza este o institu\u0163ie cheie din istoria recent\u0103 a arom\u00e2nilor cu \u00eenclina\u0163ii na\u0163ionale specifice : \u015fcolile rom\u00e2ne\u015fti din Balcani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen 1934, c\u00e2nd apare cartea, deci la 70 de ani de la \u00eenfiin\u0163area primei \u015fcoli rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, \u00een 1864, situa\u0163ia este prezentat\u0103 \u00een culori sumbre :  \u00ab \u015fcoala noastr\u0103 a ajuns s\u0103 fie tolerat\u0103 \u00een Grecia, deconsiderat\u0103 \u00een Bulgaria, umilit\u0103 \u00een Albania \u015fi desfin\u0163at\u0103 \u00een Iugoslavia \u00bb (p. 9) conclude el pu\u0163in dup\u0103 ce afirm\u0103 c\u0103 \u00ab problema a fost tratat\u0103 totdeauna f\u0103r\u0103 prea mult\u0103 cunoa\u015ftere a realit\u0103\u0163ilor locale, f\u0103r\u0103 considerarea \u00eemprejur\u0103rilor neamului  \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 respectul firei \u015fi rostului poporului nostru de acolo \u00bb (p. 8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu momentul 1913, \u015fi cu semnifica\u0163ia faimoaselor anexe privind statutul \u015fcolilor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti S. \u0162ovaru precizeaz\u0103 : \u00ab aceast\u0103 conven\u0163ie adi\u0163ional\u0103, anexat\u0103 tratatului de la Bucuresti, n\u2019a fost parafat\u0103 \u00bb (p. 50) \u00eenainte de a cita verdictul consulului Rom\u00e2niei la Bitolia pentru care \u00ab pacea de la Bucure\u015fti (\u2026) a echivalat cu lovitura de moarte dat\u0103 chestiunii macedo-rom\u00e2ne \u00bb (p. 51). Iorga e \u015fi el citat pentru o cuv\u00e2ntare \u00een Camer\u0103 \u00een care spunea : \u00ab dup\u0103 ce am creiat, de aici, de la Bucure\u015fti, o chestiune macedonean\u0103, nu am \u015ftiut s\u0103 o conducem. Ea s-a pref\u0103cut \u00eentr-o chestie politic\u0103 de partid \u00bb. Totu\u015fi S. \u0162ovaru nu se mul\u0163ume\u015fte cu explica\u0163ia curent\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 azi care atribuie e\u015fecul politicii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u00een Balcani mai ales luptelor intestine \u00een s\u00e2nul clasei politice \u015fi reaminte\u015fte c\u0103 \u00ab de pe urma competi\u0163iunilor dintre partide, \u015fcoala [s\u2019]a folosit \u00eentr-o larg\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00bb (p. 39).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015ecoala rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 nu a corespuns structurii \u00eens\u0103\u015fi a poporului \u00een slujba c\u0103ruia era chemat\u0103 s\u0103 activeze, (p. 55). A\u015fa poate fi rezumat\u0103 principala \u015farj\u0103 critic\u0103 formulat\u0103 \u00een acest bilan\u0163 pe un ton care se vrea \u00eens\u0103 moderat. Pe de o parte, programa \u015fcolar\u0103 nu acord\u0103 suficient\u0103 importan\u0163\u0103 \u00ab dialectului \u00bb, \u00een ciuda recomand\u0103rilor filologilor \u015fi etnografilor care se pronun\u0163aser\u0103 pentru introducerea lui \u00een \u015fcoala primar\u0103 (p. 69). Pe de alt\u0103 parte, calchiata dup\u0103 aceia din Rom\u00e2nia, aceast\u0103 program\u0103 formeaz\u0103 literalmente viitori rom\u00e2ni \u015fi \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 abandonarea locurilor natale de tinerii absolven\u0163i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Desigur, aceste critici au fost deja f\u0103cute, acolo unde S. \u0162ovaru inoveaz\u0103 este c\u00e2nd insist\u0103 pe aceste teme \u015fi, mai ales c\u00e2nd sugereaz\u0103 solu\u0163ii. \u00ab Scoala primar\u0103 trebuia s\u0103 fie una \u00ab arom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u00bb, sus\u0163in \u00eenc\u0103 unii , poate cu drept cuv\u00e2nt \u00bb (p. 68). \u00ab Ca urmare practic\u0103 a acestui mod de a vedea, chiar ast\u0103zi \u00eenc\u0103, dac\u0103 de pild\u0103 pentru masa compact\u0103 de 200 000 de arom\u00e2ni din Tesalia (\u2026) s-ar interveni oficial ca s\u0103 se deschid\u0103 prin satele lor \u00ab \u015fcoli arom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u00bb adic\u0103 \u00een dialect, aceast\u0103 provincie ar c\u0103p\u0103ta, f\u0103r\u0103 exagerare, un cu tot alt aspect \u00bb (p. 69). \u00cen aceste dou\u0103 fraze apar pentru prima dat\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul \u00ab arom\u00e2ni \u00bb, \u00eentre ghilimele, \u00een loc de rom\u00e2ni sau macedo-rom\u00e2ni \u015fi sintagma \u00ab \u015fcoli arom\u00e2ne\u015fti \u00bb \u00een loc de \u015fcoli rom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vor trebui s\u0103 treac\u0103 decenii pentru ca no\u0163iunea de \u015fcoal\u0103 arom\u00e2neasc\u0103 s\u0103 nu mai aib\u0103 nevoie s\u0103 fie pus\u0103 \u00eentre ghilimele, iar etnonimul, \u00een forma rom\u00e2nizat\u0103 arom\u00e2nii s\u0103 ia locul neologismelor politice de genul rom\u00e2nii sau macedo-rom\u00e2nii \u00een dezbaterile publice pe aceste teme. Din acest punct de vedere, \u00een felul lui, S. \u0162ovaru apare ca fiind vizionar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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@ Dinu Tovaru<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Declicul a avut loc dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi pe fundalul cre\u015fterii ponderei organismelor suprana\u0163ionale \u015fi a aten\u0163iei acordate minorit\u0103\u0163ilor a c\u0103ror drepturi erau lezate. Fostul ministru \u00een guvernul legionar sub Antonescu Constantin Papanace, care \u00eencetase s\u0103 mai joace un rol politic efectiv dup\u0103 ianuarie 1941 \u015fi mai ales \u00een exilul de dup\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul r\u0103zboiului face parte dintre primii care au declan\u015fat acest declic. \u00cen scrierile \u015fi ini\u0163iativele lui el pleda din motive pragmatice pentru pentru o nou\u0103 orientare \u00een care Rom\u00e2nia nu mai juca un rol motor. El se ar\u0103ta interesat mai de grab\u0103 de a\u015fa-zisul \u00ab dinamism \u00bb al arom\u00e2nilor, cvazi genetic \u00een ochii lui, dec\u00e2t de transmiterea culturii, istoriei \u015fi mai ales limbii lor. Ori acest ultim aspect va juca un rol determinant \u00een ultimele decenii ale secolului al XX-lea c\u00e2nd apar  monografiile Editurii Cartea arom\u00e2n\u0103 (Tiberiu Cunia), revistele Tr\u00e2 arm\u00e2nami<\/em> (Iancu Perifan) \u015fi Zborlu a nostru <\/em>(Vasile Barba) \u00een diaspor\u0103. \u00centr-o \u0163ar\u0103 ca Rom\u00e2nia, noua orientare va avea un anumit succes, \u00eens\u0103 rezisten\u0163ele \u00een numele sau sub pretextul loialit\u0103\u0163ii fa\u0163\u0103 de statul rom\u00e2n \u00een ciuda e\u015fecurilor politicii sale \u00een Balcani din trecut se vor dovedi considerabile\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru unii activi\u015fti ai cauzei arom\u00e2ne din zilele noastre, legitimismul obsesional de care d\u0103deau dovad\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la o dat\u0103 recent\u0103 autorii rom\u00e2ni de origine arom\u00e2n\u0103 vizavi de statul rom\u00e2n \u00een ciuda e\u015fecurilor manifeste ale politicii acestuia \u00een Balcani este incomprehensibil \u015fi inacceptabil. Pentru a explica acest legitimism, este suficient \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 dai un r\u0103spuns realist la urm\u0103toarele  \u00eentreb\u0103ri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) In perioada care precede primul razboi mondial, care de altfel se prelungeste p\u00e2na la sf\u00e2rsitul celui de al doilea r\u0103zboi, exista oare o alta solutie dec\u00e2t protectia unui stat exterior pentru o minoritate de limba, istorie, religie, etc. ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Retrospectiv, exista oare \u00een afara sprijinului acordat de statul rom\u00e2n o alta cale de afirmare public\u0103 si de men\u0163inere c\u00e2t de c\u00e2t a limbii si a personalit\u0103\u0163ii arom\u00e2nilor, deci pentru a limita asimilarea lor pur si simpla de catre natiunile majoritare \u00een plin\u0103 expansiune din Balcani la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului XIX \u015fi \u00eenceputul secolului XX ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Dupa pacea de la Bucure\u015fti din 1913 \u015fi apari\u0163ia Rom\u00e2niei mari \u00een 1918, de-a lungul perioadei interbelice, exista oare o alt\u0103 solu\u0163ie dec\u00e2t aceea de a \u00eencerca s\u0103 faci presiuni sub o form\u0103 sau alta, pentru ca statul rom\u00e2n s\u0103-\u015fi respecte angajamentul dat ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raspunsul la aceste trei \u00eentreb\u0103ri e clar : Nu. Explica\u0163ia care rezult\u0103 nu are poate nimic exaltant dar asta nu este un motiv suficient ca s\u0103 nu o accep\u0163i. Problema cu activi\u015ftii susnumi\u0163i este c\u0103 ei se opresc la semnele exterioare ale acestei loialit\u0103\u0163i f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 acorde vreun interes criticilor deseori pertinente formulate de aceia\u015fi autori. Dac\u0103 \u015fcoala era rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, dac\u0103 arom\u00e2nii erau macedo-rom\u00e2ni sau rom\u00e2ni din sud cum scriu ei asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ace\u015fti autori erau \u00een ultim\u0103 analiz\u0103 ni\u015fte agen\u0163i ai rom\u00e2niz\u0103rii arom\u00e2nilor, pretind ei, adopt\u00e2nd astfel  involuntar argumentul folosit de propaganda na\u0163ionalist\u0103 din Grecia ca s\u0103 \u00een\u0103bu\u015fe orice manifestare specific\u0103 la arom\u00e2ni care i-ar diferen\u0163ia de greci.  Unii merg chiar mai departe, consider\u00e2nd c\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul arom\u00e2n din limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 trebuie \u00eenlocuit cu arm\u00e2n, forma arom\u00e2n fiind o adaptare calchiat\u0103 dup\u0103 rom\u00e2n. Mai mult, un nou nume etnic ar trebui folosit, makedonarm\u00e2n, pentru a evita orice confuzie.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autorul c\u0103r\u0163ii Problema scoalei rom\u00e2nesti din Balcani<\/em> ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een 1934,  S. Tovaru, dar si un A. Margarit, un C. Constante, un N. Batzaria, un T. Papahagi, un T. Capidan, un A. H\u00e2ciu, un V. Papacostea, un G. Murnu, etc., etc., desigur, au facut sub o forma sau alta anumite compromisuri uneori criticabile, alteori regretabile dar inevitabile cu statul rom\u00e2n \u00eentr-un context istoric precis. Dar tot ei, dac\u0103 \u00eei cite\u015fti atent, au pus \u015fi bazele criticii politicii duse de acesta din urm\u0103.  Ca s\u0103 nu mai vorbim de faptul c\u0103 au mai facut si alceva : f\u0103r\u0103 ei uita lumea de noi, ba chiar  mul\u0163i dintre noi uitam de propriul nostru trecut \u015fi nu ne mai g\u00e2ndeam la un viitor comun !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respingerea pur \u015fi simplu a \u00ab clasicilor \u00bb studilor arom\u00e2ne mi se pare cu at\u00e2t mai contraproductiv\u0103 cu c\u00e2t din ani \u201980 \u00eencoace contextul european permite minoritatilor atipice cum este cazul nostru forme noi de afirmare si o reevaluare critic\u0103 obiectiv\u0103 depasionat\u0103 a trecutului, inclusiv privind politica dus\u0103 de statul rom\u00e2n \u015fi rolul arom\u00e2nilor care au sus\u0163inut aceast\u0103 politic\u0103. \u00cen plus, perseveren\u0163a \u00eentr-o asemenea atitudine negativ\u0103 d\u0103 ap\u0103 la moar\u0103 partizanilor na\u0163ionalismului agresiv rom\u00e2nesc care invoc\u0103 \u00ab rom\u00e2nismul \u00bb efectiv sau imaginar al frunta\u015filor arom\u00e2ni din trecut pentru a condamna orice viitor arom\u00e2nilor din Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi din Balcani. M\u0103 refer indeosebi la arom\u00e2nii “mai rom\u00e2ni  dec\u00e2t rom\u00e2nii” din naivitate, din fanatism \u015fi mai ales din interes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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