{"id":1101,"date":"2017-10-24T14:39:01","date_gmt":"2017-10-24T13:39:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/?p=1101"},"modified":"2021-01-18T19:16:27","modified_gmt":"2021-01-18T18:16:27","slug":"scoala-lui-gusti-si-aromanii-din-cadrilater","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/scoala-lui-gusti-si-aromanii-din-cadrilater\/","title":{"rendered":"Scoala lui Gusti si arom\u00e2nii din Cadrilater"},"content":{"rendered":"

Transhuman\u0163\u0103 interbelic\u0103 \u00een Balcani\u00a0: studii \u015fi articole despre arom\u00e2ni \u00een publica\u0163iile \u015fcolii gustiene<\/em>, anthologie de Zolt\u00e1n Rost\u00e1s \u015fi Martin Ladislau Salamon, Bucure\u015fti, Eikon, 2017<\/p>\n

\u00cen absen\u0163a unei indica\u0163ii precise ale autorilor, putem deduce c\u0103 termenul de transhuman\u0163\u0103 trebuie \u00een\u0163eles mai repede \u00een sensul etimologic trans<\/em> (dincolo, peste) \u015fi humus<\/em> (p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u0163ar\u0103). Aparent, autorii nu se refer\u0103 la semi-nomadismul pastoral al arom\u00e2nilor din Pind, Rila, Pirin sau Rodopi, deseori asimilat transhuman\u0163ei \u00een limbajul curent, ci la instalarea unora dintre ei \u00een a doua parte a anilor 1920 \u00eentr-o regiune uscat\u0103, de step\u0103, Cadrilaterul sau Dobrogea nou\u0103 anexat\u0103 de Rom\u00e2nia \u00een urma celui de al doilea r\u0103zboi balcanic (1913).<\/p>\n

Monografia satului Ezibei, jude\u0163ul Caliacra (1 168 locuitori dintre care 14 rom\u00e2ni reg\u0103\u0163eni, 380 rom\u00e2ni macedoneni, 722 bulgari si 52 turci \u015fi t\u0103tari), reprodus\u0103 par\u0163ial \u00een carte constituie principalul document re\u0163inut de editor. Publicat\u0103 \u00een 1938 de profesorul de liceu C.D. Constantinescu-Mirce\u015fti, cu o prefa\u0163\u0103 de D. Gusti, aceast\u0103 lucrare era prima monografie sociologic\u0103 care \u00ab\u00a0aborda \u00een mod deliberat un sat multienic, multicultural\u00a0\u00bb, scrie specialistul \u00een istorie oral\u0103 Zolt\u00e1n Rost\u00e1s, care semneaz\u0103 prefa\u0163a. Monografia con\u0163ine nu numai o sumediene de date sociologice dar \u015fi o prezentare am\u0103nun\u0163it\u0103 a folclorului, a obiceiurilor \u015fi a portului coloni\u015ftilor macedo-rom\u00e2ni. Accentul e pus pe literatura lor \u00ab\u00a0pentru motivul c\u0103, \u00een Cadrilater disp\u0103r\u00e2nd motivul \u015fi \u00eemprejur\u0103rile care au determinat aceste crea\u0163ii, ele sunt sortite unei si[n]gure dispari\u0163ii\u00a0\u00bb (p. 56).<\/p>\n

Retrospectiv, nu credem c\u0103 ne \u00een\u015fel\u0103m prea mult spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 aceast\u0103 literatur\u0103 \u015fi aceste obiceiuri s-au p\u0103strat mai bine dec\u00e2t se putea estima \u00een acele timpuri, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere conservatismul de care vor da dovad\u0103 mul\u0163i coloni\u015fti arom\u00e2ni \u015fi descenden\u0163i de-ai lor \u00een \u00eemprejur\u0103rile dramatice cu care ei au fost confrunta\u0163i dup\u0103 cedarea Cadrilaterului din septembrie 1940.<\/p>\n

\u00cen capitolul al 2-lea sunt prezentate diverse articole extrase din revista Curierul echipelor studen\u0163e\u015fti <\/em>publicat\u0103 \u00een perioada 1935-1938. El con\u0163ine informa\u0163ii deseori instructive privind spre exemplu \u00ab\u00a0ad\u00e2nca ne\u00eencredere [la arom\u00e2ni] fa\u0163\u0103 de ceea ce e str\u0103in de portul, ca \u015fi de neamul lor (p. 157) sau \u00ab\u00a0u\u015furin\u0163a \u015fi ne\u00een\u0163elelgerea cu care s-a f\u0103cut colonizarea\u00a0\u00bb (p. 158). Anumite detalii \u00ee\u0163i permit s\u0103-\u0163i faci o imagine mai realist\u0103 a situa\u0163iei\u00a0: \u00een comuna Regina Maria, procentajul de ne\u015ftiutori de carte la macedoneni este \u00ab\u00a0\u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103tor\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: el urc\u0103 la 80 % la b\u0103rba\u0163i \u015fi la 98 % la femei \u00bb, consemneaz\u0103 spre exemplu autorul anchetei (p. 159). Tonul paternalist adoptat uneori de redactorii raporturilor \u015fi osanalele aduse M. S. Regelui prezentat drept \u00ab\u00a0imperativul categoric al ridic\u0103rii reale a satului rom\u00e2nesc\u00a0\u00bb (p. 173) nu pot \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 nu \u015focheze cititorul de azi, chiar dac\u0103 autorii afirm\u0103 c\u0103 \u00ab\u00a0autodezvoltarea\u00a0\u00bb lumii rurale este obiectivul ac\u0163iunii lor.<\/p>\n

Frontierele \u00eentre comunit\u0103\u0163ile care convie\u0163uiesc de voie de nevoie \u00een aceast\u0103 comun\u0103 nu sunt totdeauna etan\u015fe\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Obiceiurile evolueaz\u0103, se modific\u0103 de la o grupare la alta. \u00ab\u00a0Steaua \u015fi Plugul, tradi\u0163ionalele obiceiuri rom\u00e2n\u015fti circul\u0103 acum \u015fi la bulgarii din aceast\u0103 comun\u0103. Chiar sorcova se practic\u0103 azi de bulgari \u00eentr-o form\u0103 care imit\u0103 obiceiul nostru.\u00a0\u00bb P\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi t\u0103tarii \u00ab\u00a0au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fac\u0103 nun\u0163ile duminic\u0103\u00a0\u00bb (p. 55).<\/p>\n

Cartea reediteaz\u0103 \u015fi un \u00ab\u00a0clasic\u00a0\u00bb al literaturii despre colonizarea Cadrilaterul, studiul publicat de Constantin Noe \u00een trei numere din revista Sociologia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 <\/em>\u00een 1938. Recitindu-l, nu po\u0163i s\u0103 nu fi frapat tonul ponderat, responsabil \u015fi realist cu care acest intelectual meglenit, un adev\u0103rat hon\u00eate homme<\/em>, evoc\u0103 tarele administra\u0163iei, comportamentul deseori cinic al oamenilor politici rom\u00e2ni solicita\u0163i de promotorii venirii \u00ab\u00a0rom\u00e2nilor macedoneni\u00a0\u00bb \u00een \u0163ara-mam\u0103, ezit\u0103rile responsabilor comunitari de la Societatea de cultura macedorom\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi dramatismul care a caracterizat luarea deciziei de a p\u0103r\u0103si locurile de ba\u015ftina din regiuni precum Meglenia \u015fi mai ales Veria[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Retrospectiv, ceea ce putem spune azi, este c\u0103 pe moment situa\u0163ia era mai mult dec\u00e2t confuz\u0103. Devenit\u0103 \u00een fine \u00ab\u00a0mare\u00a0\u00bb, Rom\u00e2nia era confruntat\u0103 cu probleme pe care nu era nicidecum preg\u0103tit\u0103 s\u0103 le rezolve. Numai ulterior s-a schi\u0163at o strategie mai coerent\u0103 de control al teritoriului recent anexat \u00een care elementul rom\u00e2nesc constituia o infim\u0103 minoritate. \u00cen aceast\u0103 strategie, coloni\u015ftii veni\u0163i din Macedonia au jucat, deseori involuntar, un rol considerabil. Constantin Noe o sugereaz\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd conclude\u00a0:<\/p>\n

O mare oper\u0103 na\u0163ional\u0103 s-a f\u0103cut \u00een c\u00e2\u0163iva ani f\u0103r\u0103 mari cheltuieli pentru stat (p. 261).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Studiul s\u0103u apare \u00eens\u0103 \u00een 1938 iar Cadrilaterul este retrocedat doi ani mai t\u00e2rziu. De pierdut, au pierdut \u015fi unii, arom\u00e2nii coloniza\u0163i, \u015fi ceilal\u0163i, \u00ab\u00a0strategii\u00a0\u00bb statului rom\u00e2n. Cei din urm\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 ar fi avut mai mult de c\u00e2\u015ftigat.<\/p>\n

Ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat nu putea s\u0103 nu se \u00eent\u00e2mple, pare s\u0103 zic\u0103 acela\u015fi C. Noe c\u00e2nd scrie\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce fiecare neamuri conlocuitoare cu rom\u00e2nii se ridic\u0103 \u00een mase spre a merge la ai s\u0103i, turcii \u00een Turcia, bulgarii \u00een Bulgaria iar grecii din Bulgaria \u015fi Turcia veneau cu sutele de mii \u00een Grecia, ar fi fost oare posibil ca rom\u00e2nii macedoneni s\u0103 nu se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 \u015fi ei la \u0163ara lor\u00a0? Chiar dac\u0103 ei nu s-ar fi g\u00e2ndit, erau acolo refugia\u0163ii greci care nu pregetau a le spune\u00a0: “Aici e \u0163ara noastr\u0103”, voi sunte\u0163i rom\u00e2ni, pleca\u0163i \u00een Rom\u00e2nia\u00a0! (p. 190)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

E suficient s\u0103 imaginezi ultima replic\u0103 \u00een gura arom\u00e2nilor proasp\u0103t debarcati \u00een Cadrilater adres\u00e2ndu-se bulgarilor ca s\u0103 sesizezi grotescul \u015fi absurditatea situa\u0163iei, consecin\u0163\u0103 inevitabil\u0103 a propagandelor na\u0163ionaliste concurente[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Totu\u015fi arom\u00e2nii sunt un caz aparte, o minoritate atipica \u00een m\u0103sura \u00een care nu s-au pretat la rolul care le era destinat devenind repede des trouble-f\u00eate<\/em> cum remarc\u0103 tot C. Noe.<\/p>\n

Epilogul c\u0103r\u0163ii este semnat de actualul consul Rom\u00e2niei la Salonic, fost student al lui Zoltan Rostas cu care colaboreaz\u0103 \u00een continuare. In contribu\u0163ia sa, Martin Ladislau Salamon puncteaz\u0103 leg\u0103tura \u00eentre \u00ab\u00a0adaptabilitatea [arom\u00e2nilor] care le-a asigurat supravie\u0163uirea de-a lungul secolelor, dar care \u00een aela\u015fi timp i-a \u0163inut \u00eentr-o stare de \u00eenapoiere lingvistic\u0103. O \u00eenapoiere care nu a permis arom\u00e2nei s\u0103 se modernizeze, s\u0103 devin\u0103 o limba literar\u0103, iar pe arom\u00e2ni i-a \u0163inut captivi \u00een trecut, cantona\u0163i \u00eentr-o permanent\u0103 criz\u0103 identitar\u0103\u00a0\u00bb (p. 263).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2t despre \u015fcolile deschise de statul rom\u00e2n \u00een Balcani, el noteaz\u0103\u00a0:<\/p>\n

Caren\u0163a principal\u0103 – nu \u00eens\u0103 \u015fi singura – a acestor \u015fcoli a fost aceea c\u0103 predarea nu se f\u0103cea \u00een dialectul arom\u00e2n, ci \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 literar\u0103, astfel elevii \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u00e2nd rom\u00e2na aproape ca o llimb\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 (p. 269).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

L. Salamon citeaz\u0103 pe larg un articol publicat de un autor din Grecia, Vasilis Vlasis, \u00eentr-o prestigioas\u0103 revist\u0103 rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 (Revue des \u00e9tudes sud-est europ\u00e9ennes<\/em> n\u00b0 XXXVI 1-4, pp 151-171). Interesul acestei contribu\u0163ii consist\u0103 mai ales \u00een faptul c\u0103 autorul a avut acces la arhive de stat din Grecia. Concluzile lui sunt uneori discutabile, av\u00e2nd mai ales \u00een vedere parti pris-ul nationalist al acestui autor. \u00cen demonstra\u0163ia sa, precizeaz\u0103 M. L. Salamon, V. Vlasis \u00ab\u00a0contureaz\u0103 portretul robot al unui stat elen tolerant cu comunitatea arom\u00e2n\u0103\u00a0\u00bb (p. 274). Ele permit \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 sesizezi complexitatea situa\u0163iei. Iat\u0103 cum preznt\u0103 cercet\u0103torul grec pozi\u0163ia statului rom\u00e2n\u00a0:<\/p>\n

Statul rom\u00e2n era extrem de satisf\u0103cut de modul \u00een care a fost reglementat\u0103 problema pro-rom\u00e2nilor (ku\u0163ovlahi) \u00een anexele Tratatului de la Bucure\u015fti (\u2026) A preferat s\u0103 se concentreze pe interesul s\u0103u de a p\u0103stra bunele rela\u0163ii cu Grecia \u015fi s\u0103 nu acorde aten\u0163ie reclama\u0163ilor venite de la ace\u015fti pro-rom\u00e2ni. Dup\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u015fitul primului r\u0103zboi mondial, [oficialii statului rom\u00e2n] au declarat c\u0103 pentru Rom\u00e2nia nu mai exist\u0103 vreo chestiune cu\u0163ovlah\u0103 (p. 277).<\/p>\n

PS Prefata cartii semnata de Zoltan Rostas este disponibila la adresa :\u00a0http:\/\/www.cooperativag.ro\/transhumanta-interbelica-in-balcani-studii-si-articole-despre-aromani-in-publicatiile-scolii-gustiene\/<\/p>\n

Nicolas Triton, august 2017<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00cen discu\u0163iile pe care le-am avut in ultimii ani cu istoricul Nicolae-Serban Tana\u015foca, \u00een mai multe r\u00e2nduri c\u00e2nd ne apropiam de subiectul sensibil privind dorin\u0163a exprmat\u0103 de unii arom\u00e2ni din Rom\u00e2nia de a fi recunoscu\u0163i ca minoritate na\u0163ional\u0103 pentru a beneficia de drepturi institu\u0163ionale care s\u0103 asigure men\u0163inerea limbii \u015fi culturii lor, acesta nu putea s\u0103 se ab\u0163in\u0103 s\u0103 aduc\u0103 aminte de rolul jucat de str\u0103mo\u015fii lui pe linie matern\u0103 (Bradelexi) \u015fi patern\u0103 (Hagigogu) \u00een acele momente. Ba chiar m\u0103 admonesta\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tu nepotul lui Ta\u015fcu Trifon, autorul bro\u015furii despre congresul rom\u00e2nilor otomani de la Bitola din 1909\u2026\u00a0\u00bb Ultima dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd ne-am v\u0103zut mi-a spu, pu\u0163in \u00eenainte s\u0103 moar\u0103 mi-a spus, mai \u00een glum\u0103 mai \u00een serios\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Dac\u0103 statutul de minoritate na\u0163ionl\u0103 e recunoscut \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, eu m\u0103 duc la ambasada Greciei ca s\u0103 cer cet\u0103\u0163enia greceasc\u0103 la care bunicul meu a renun\u0163at venind \u00een Rom\u00e2nia.” Bine\u00een\u0163eles acesta nu era unicul motiv pentru care el adopta o pozi\u0163ie sceptic\u0103 despre viitorul arom\u00e2nilor \u00een afara integr\u0103rii definitive \u00een statele \u00een care tr\u0103iesc si nu interfera nicdecum \u00een contribu\u0163iile sale critice privind istoria arom\u00e2nilor.<\/p>\n

O filia\u0163ie similar\u0103, pe linie matern\u0103, pare s\u0103 joace un loc cheie \u00een atitudinea special de agresiv\u0103 pe aceast\u0103 tem\u0103 a actorului Ion Caramitru, pre\u015fedinte al Societ\u0103\u0163ii de cultur\u0103 macedorom\u00e2n\u0103, nepot al unuia dintre frunta\u015fii arom\u00e2ni care au participat la negocierile pentru venirea \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, Nicolae Celea. (Cf. http:\/\/www.formula-as.ro\/2015\/1165\/lumea-romaneasca-24\/ion-caramitru-visez-tot-timpul-cu-ochii-deschisi-19157<\/a>) Niciodat\u0103 nu o s\u0103 \u00een\u0163eleg de ce trecutul trebuie s\u0103 fasoneze neap\u0103rat viitorul.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Aceast\u0103 replic\u0103, care a r\u0103mas bine \u00eentip\u0103rit\u0103 \u00een memoria arom\u00e2nilor r\u0103ma\u015fi \u00een Grecia, poate fi interpretat\u0103 \u015fi ca un efect colateral al propagandei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, sau mai bine zis al felului \u00een care aceasta a fost perceput\u0103 faimoasa propaganda romanica<\/em> invocat\u0103 sustematic de autoprit\u0103\u0163ile grece\u015fti ca s\u0103 se opun\u0103 ini\u0163iativelor autonome arom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Transhuman\u0163\u0103 interbelic\u0103 \u00een Balcani\u00a0: studii \u015fi articole despre arom\u00e2ni \u00een publica\u0163iile \u015fcolii gustiene, anthologie de Zolt\u00e1n Rost\u00e1s \u015fi Martin Ladislau Salamon, Bucure\u015fti, Eikon, 2017 \u00cen absen\u0163a unei indica\u0163ii precise ale autorilor, putem deduce c\u0103 termenul de transhuman\u0163\u0103 trebuie \u00een\u0163eles mai repede \u00een sensul etimologic trans (dincolo, peste) \u015fi humus (p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u0163ar\u0103). Aparent, autorii nu se […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-habari-news"],"yoast_head":"\nScoala lui Gusti si arom\u00e2nii din Cadrilater - TRA ARMANAMI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.armanami.org\/blog\/scoala-lui-gusti-si-aromanii-din-cadrilater\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scoala lui Gusti si arom\u00e2nii din Cadrilater - TRA ARMANAMI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Transhuman\u0163\u0103 interbelic\u0103 \u00een Balcani\u00a0: studii \u015fi articole despre arom\u00e2ni \u00een publica\u0163iile \u015fcolii gustiene, anthologie de Zolt\u00e1n Rost\u00e1s \u015fi Martin Ladislau Salamon, Bucure\u015fti, Eikon, 2017 \u00cen absen\u0163a unei indica\u0163ii precise ale autorilor, putem deduce c\u0103 termenul de transhuman\u0163\u0103 trebuie \u00een\u0163eles mai repede \u00een sensul etimologic trans (dincolo, peste) \u015fi humus (p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \u0163ar\u0103). 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